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Development Tools</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-unittest"> <span id="unittest-unit-testing-framework"></span><h1>25.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> — Unit testing framework<a class="headerlink" href="#module-unittest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.1.</span></p> <p>(If you are already familiar with the basic concepts of testing, you might want to skip to <a class="reference internal" href="#assert-methods"><em>the list of assert methods</em></a>.)</p> <p>The Python unit testing framework, sometimes referred to as “PyUnit,” is a Python language version of JUnit, by Kent Beck and Erich Gamma. JUnit is, in turn, a Java version of Kent’s Smalltalk testing framework. Each is the de facto standard unit testing framework for its respective language.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> supports test automation, sharing of setup and shutdown code for tests, aggregation of tests into collections, and independence of the tests from the reporting framework. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> module provides classes that make it easy to support these qualities for a set of tests.</p> <p>To achieve this, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> supports some important concepts:</p> <dl class="docutils"> <dt>test fixture</dt> <dd>A <em class="dfn">test fixture</em> represents the preparation needed to perform one or more tests, and any associate cleanup actions. This may involve, for example, creating temporary or proxy databases, directories, or starting a server process.</dd> <dt>test case</dt> <dd>A <em class="dfn">test case</em> is the smallest unit of testing. It checks for a specific response to a particular set of inputs. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> provides a base class, <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>, which may be used to create new test cases.</dd> <dt>test suite</dt> <dd>A <em class="dfn">test suite</em> is a collection of test cases, test suites, or both. It is used to aggregate tests that should be executed together.</dd> <dt>test runner</dt> <dd>A <em class="dfn">test runner</em> is a component which orchestrates the execution of tests and provides the outcome to the user. The runner may use a graphical interface, a textual interface, or return a special value to indicate the results of executing the tests.</dd> </dl> <p>The test case and test fixture concepts are supported through the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.FunctionTestCase" title="unittest.FunctionTestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionTestCase</span></tt></a> classes; the former should be used when creating new tests, and the latter can be used when integrating existing test code with a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>-driven framework. When building test fixtures using <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a> methods can be overridden to provide initialization and cleanup for the fixture. With <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.FunctionTestCase" title="unittest.FunctionTestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionTestCase</span></tt></a>, existing functions can be passed to the constructor for these purposes. When the test is run, the fixture initialization is run first; if it succeeds, the cleanup method is run after the test has been executed, regardless of the outcome of the test. Each instance of the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> will only be used to run a single test method, so a new fixture is created for each test.</p> <p>Test suites are implemented by the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> class. This class allows individual tests and test suites to be aggregated; when the suite is executed, all tests added directly to the suite and in “child” test suites are run.</p> <p>A test runner is an object that provides a single method, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></tt>, which accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> object as a parameter, and returns a result object. The class <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> is provided for use as the result object. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> provides the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TextTestRunner" title="unittest.TextTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextTestRunner</span></tt></a> as an example test runner which reports test results on the standard error stream by default. Alternate runners can be implemented for other environments (such as graphical environments) without any need to derive from a specific class.</p> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a></dt> <dd>Another test-support module with a very different flavor.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2: A backport of new unittest features for Python 2.4-2.6</a></dt> <dd>Many new features were added to unittest in Python 2.7, including test discovery. unittest2 allows you to use these features with earlier versions of Python.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.XProgramming.com/testfram.htm">Simple Smalltalk Testing: With Patterns</a></dt> <dd>Kent Beck’s original paper on testing frameworks using the pattern shared by <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/python-nose/">Nose</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://pytest.org">py.test</a></dt> <dd>Third-party unittest frameworks with a lighter-weight syntax for writing tests. For example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span> <span class="pre">func(10)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">42</span></tt>.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://pycheesecake.org/wiki/PythonTestingToolsTaxonomy">The Python Testing Tools Taxonomy</a></dt> <dd>An extensive list of Python testing tools including functional testing frameworks and mock object libraries.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python">Testing in Python Mailing List</a></dt> <dd>A special-interest-group for discussion of testing, and testing tools, in Python.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="basic-example"> <span id="unittest-minimal-example"></span><h2>25.3.1. Basic example<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> module provides a rich set of tools for constructing and running tests. This section demonstrates that a small subset of the tools suffice to meet the needs of most users.</p> <p>Here is a short script to test three functions from the <a class="reference internal" href="random.html#module-random" title="random: Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">random</span></tt></a> module:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">random</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">TestSequenceFunctions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># make sure the shuffled sequence does not lose any elements</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># should raise an exception for an immutable sequence</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_choice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_sample</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>A testcase is created by subclassing <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestCase</span></tt></a>. The three individual tests are defined with methods whose names start with the letters <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></tt>. This naming convention informs the test runner about which methods represent tests.</p> <p>The crux of each test is a call to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a> to check for an expected result; <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertTrue()</span></tt></a> to verify a condition; or <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaises()</span></tt></a> to verify that an expected exception gets raised. These methods are used instead of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#assert"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span></tt></a> statement so the test runner can accumulate all test results and produce a report.</p> <p>When a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> method is defined, the test runner will run that method prior to each test. Likewise, if a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a> method is defined, the test runner will invoke that method after each test. In the example, <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> was used to create a fresh sequence for each test.</p> <p>The final block shows a simple way to run the tests. <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.main" title="unittest.main"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.main()</span></tt></a> provides a command-line interface to the test script. When run from the command line, the above script produces an output that looks like this:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>... ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.000s OK</pre> </div> <p>Instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.main" title="unittest.main"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.main()</span></tt></a>, there are other ways to run the tests with a finer level of control, less terse output, and no requirement to be run from the command line. For example, the last two lines may be replaced with:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">suite</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestLoader</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loadTestsFromTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestSequenceFunctions</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TextTestRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">verbosity</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">suite</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Running the revised script from the interpreter or another script produces the following output:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>test_choice (__main__.TestSequenceFunctions) ... ok test_sample (__main__.TestSequenceFunctions) ... ok test_shuffle (__main__.TestSequenceFunctions) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.110s OK</pre> </div> <p>The above examples show the most commonly used <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> features which are sufficient to meet many everyday testing needs. The remainder of the documentation explores the full feature set from first principles.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="command-line-interface"> <span id="unittest-command-line-interface"></span><h2>25.3.2. Command-Line Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The unittest module can be used from the command line to run tests from modules, classes or even individual test methods:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>python -m unittest test_module1 test_module2 python -m unittest test_module.TestClass python -m unittest test_module.TestClass.test_method</pre> </div> <p>You can pass in a list with any combination of module names, and fully qualified class or method names.</p> <p>You can run tests with more detail (higher verbosity) by passing in the -v flag:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>python -m unittest -v test_module</pre> </div> <p>For a list of all the command-line options:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>python -m unittest -h</pre> </div> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>In earlier versions it was only possible to run individual test methods and not modules or classes.</p> <div class="section" id="command-line-options"> <h3>25.3.2.1. Command-line options<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><strong class="program">unittest</strong> supports these command-line options:</p> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-unittest-b"> <tt class="descname">-b</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--buffer</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-unittest-b" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The standard output and standard error streams are buffered during the test run. Output during a passing test is discarded. Output is echoed normally on test fail or error and is added to the failure messages.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-unittest-c"> <tt class="descname">-c</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--catch</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-unittest-c" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Control-C during the test run waits for the current test to end and then reports all the results so far. A second control-C raises the normal <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt" title="exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></a> exception.</p> <p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a> for the functions that provide this functionality.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-unittest-f"> <tt class="descname">-f</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--failfast</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-unittest-f" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Stop the test run on the first error or failure.</p> </dd></dl> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7: </span>The command-line options <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-c</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-f</span></tt> were added.</p> <p>The command line can also be used for test discovery, for running all of the tests in a project or just a subset.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="test-discovery"> <span id="unittest-test-discovery"></span><h2>25.3.3. Test Discovery<a class="headerlink" href="#test-discovery" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> <p>Unittest supports simple test discovery. In order to be compatible with test discovery, all of the test files must be <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/modules.html#tut-modules"><em>modules</em></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/modules.html#tut-packages"><em>packages</em></a> importable from the top-level directory of the project (this means that their filenames must be valid <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers"><em>identifiers</em></a>).</p> <p>Test discovery is implemented in <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader.discover" title="unittest.TestLoader.discover"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader.discover()</span></tt></a>, but can also be used from the command line. The basic command-line usage is:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>cd project_directory python -m unittest discover</pre> </div> <p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">discover</span></tt> sub-command has the following options:</p> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-unittest-discover-v"> <tt class="descname">-v</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--verbose</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-unittest-discover-v" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Verbose output</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-unittest-discover-s"> <tt class="descname">-s</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--start-directory</tt><tt class="descclassname"> directory</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-unittest-discover-s" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Directory to start discovery (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.</span></tt> default)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-unittest-discover-p"> <tt class="descname">-p</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--pattern</tt><tt class="descclassname"> pattern</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-unittest-discover-p" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pattern to match test files (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test*.py</span></tt> default)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-unittest-discover-t"> <tt class="descname">-t</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--top-level-directory</tt><tt class="descclassname"> directory</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-unittest-discover-t" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Top level directory of project (defaults to start directory)</p> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-unittest-discover-s"><em class="xref std std-option">-s</em></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-unittest-discover-p"><em class="xref std std-option">-p</em></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-unittest-discover-t"><em class="xref std std-option">-t</em></a> options can be passed in as positional arguments in that order. The following two command lines are equivalent:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>python -m unittest discover -s project_directory -p '*_test.py' python -m unittest discover project_directory '*_test.py'</pre> </div> <p>As well as being a path it is possible to pass a package name, for example <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myproject.subpackage.test</span></tt>, as the start directory. The package name you supply will then be imported and its location on the filesystem will be used as the start directory.</p> <div class="admonition caution"> <p class="first admonition-title">Caution</p> <p>Test discovery loads tests by importing them. Once test discovery has found all the test files from the start directory you specify it turns the paths into package names to import. For example <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo/bar/baz.py</span></tt> will be imported as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo.bar.baz</span></tt>.</p> <p>If you have a package installed globally and attempt test discovery on a different copy of the package then the import <em>could</em> happen from the wrong place. If this happens test discovery will warn you and exit.</p> <p class="last">If you supply the start directory as a package name rather than a path to a directory then discover assumes that whichever location it imports from is the location you intended, so you will not get the warning.</p> </div> <p>Test modules and packages can customize test loading and discovery by through the <a class="reference internal" href="#load-tests-protocol">load_tests protocol</a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="organizing-test-code"> <span id="organizing-tests"></span><h2>25.3.4. Organizing test code<a class="headerlink" href="#organizing-test-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The basic building blocks of unit testing are <em class="dfn">test cases</em> — single scenarios that must be set up and checked for correctness. In <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>, test cases are represented by instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>‘s <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> class. To make your own test cases you must write subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>, or use <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.FunctionTestCase" title="unittest.FunctionTestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionTestCase</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>An instance of a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>-derived class is an object that can completely run a single test method, together with optional set-up and tidy-up code.</p> <p>The testing code of a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instance should be entirely self contained, such that it can be run either in isolation or in arbitrary combination with any number of other test cases.</p> <p>The simplest <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> subclass will simply override the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">runTest()</span></tt> method in order to perform specific testing code:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">runTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">widget</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Widget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'The widget'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'incorrect default size'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Note that in order to test something, we use one of the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert*()</span></tt> methods provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> base class. If the test fails, an exception will be raised, and <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> will identify the test case as a <em class="dfn">failure</em>. Any other exceptions will be treated as <em class="dfn">errors</em>. This helps you identify where the problem is: <em class="dfn">failures</em> are caused by incorrect results - a 5 where you expected a 6. <em class="dfn">Errors</em> are caused by incorrect code - e.g., a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a> caused by an incorrect function call.</p> <p>The way to run a test case will be described later. For now, note that to construct an instance of such a test case, we call its constructor without arguments:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">testCase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Now, such test cases can be numerous, and their set-up can be repetitive. In the above case, constructing a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Widget</span></tt> in each of 100 Widget test case subclasses would mean unsightly duplication.</p> <p>Luckily, we can factor out such set-up code by implementing a method called <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a>, which the testing framework will automatically call for us when we run the test:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SimpleWidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Widget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'The widget'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SimpleWidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">runTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'incorrect default size'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">WidgetResizeTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SimpleWidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">runTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'wrong size after resize'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> method raises an exception while the test is running, the framework will consider the test to have suffered an error, and the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">runTest()</span></tt> method will not be executed.</p> <p>Similarly, we can provide a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a> method that tidies up after the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">runTest()</span></tt> method has been run:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SimpleWidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Widget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'The widget'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dispose</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> succeeded, the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a> method will be run whether <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">runTest()</span></tt> succeeded or not.</p> <p>Such a working environment for the testing code is called a <em class="dfn">fixture</em>.</p> <p>Often, many small test cases will use the same fixture. In this case, we would end up subclassing <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SimpleWidgetTestCase</span></tt> into many small one-method classes such as <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase</span></tt>. This is time-consuming and discouraging, so in the same vein as JUnit, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> provides a simpler mechanism:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Widget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'The widget'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dispose</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_default_size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'incorrect default size'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'wrong size after resize'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Here we have not provided a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">runTest()</span></tt> method, but have instead provided two different test methods. Class instances will now each run one of the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_*()</span></tt> methods, with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.widget</span></tt> created and destroyed separately for each instance. When creating an instance we must specify the test method it is to run. We do this by passing the method name in the constructor:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">defaultSizeTestCase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_default_size'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">resizeTestCase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_resize'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Test case instances are grouped together according to the features they test. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> provides a mechanism for this: the <em class="dfn">test suite</em>, represented by <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>‘s <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> class:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">widgetTestSuite</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestSuite</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">widgetTestSuite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_default_size'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">widgetTestSuite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_resize'</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>For the ease of running tests, as we will see later, it is a good idea to provide in each test module a callable object that returns a pre-built test suite:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">suite</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">suite</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestSuite</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">suite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_default_size'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">suite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_resize'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">suite</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>or even:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">suite</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">tests</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'test_default_size'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'test_resize'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestSuite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tests</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Since it is a common pattern to create a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> subclass with many similarly named test functions, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> provides a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> class that can be used to automate the process of creating a test suite and populating it with individual tests. For example,</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">suite</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestLoader</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loadTestsFromTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>will create a test suite that will run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WidgetTestCase.test_default_size()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WidgetTestCase.test_resize</span></tt>. <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> uses the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'test'</span></tt> method name prefix to identify test methods automatically.</p> <p>Note that the order in which the various test cases will be run is determined by sorting the test function names with respect to the built-in ordering for strings.</p> <p>Often it is desirable to group suites of test cases together, so as to run tests for the whole system at once. This is easy, since <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> instances can be added to a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> just as <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances can be added to a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a>:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">suite1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TheTestSuite</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">suite2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TheTestSuite</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">alltests</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestSuite</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">suite1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">suite2</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>You can place the definitions of test cases and test suites in the same modules as the code they are to test (such as <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">widget.py</span></tt>), but there are several advantages to placing the test code in a separate module, such as <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_widget.py</span></tt>:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>The test module can be run standalone from the command line.</li> <li>The test code can more easily be separated from shipped code.</li> <li>There is less temptation to change test code to fit the code it tests without a good reason.</li> <li>Test code should be modified much less frequently than the code it tests.</li> <li>Tested code can be refactored more easily.</li> <li>Tests for modules written in C must be in separate modules anyway, so why not be consistent?</li> <li>If the testing strategy changes, there is no need to change the source code.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="re-using-old-test-code"> <span id="legacy-unit-tests"></span><h2>25.3.5. Re-using old test code<a class="headerlink" href="#re-using-old-test-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Some users will find that they have existing test code that they would like to run from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>, without converting every old test function to a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> subclass.</p> <p>For this reason, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> provides a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.FunctionTestCase" title="unittest.FunctionTestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionTestCase</span></tt></a> class. This subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> can be used to wrap an existing test function. Set-up and tear-down functions can also be provided.</p> <p>Given the following test function:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">testSomething</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">makeSomething</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="c"># ...</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>one can create an equivalent test case instance as follows:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">testcase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FunctionTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">testSomething</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If there are additional set-up and tear-down methods that should be called as part of the test case’s operation, they can also be provided like so:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">testcase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FunctionTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">testSomething</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">setUp</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">makeSomethingDB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tearDown</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">deleteSomethingDB</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>To make migrating existing test suites easier, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> supports tests raising <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.AssertionError" title="exceptions.AssertionError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">AssertionError</span></tt></a> to indicate test failure. However, it is recommended that you use the explicit <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase.fail*()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase.assert*()</span></tt> methods instead, as future versions of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> may treat <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.AssertionError" title="exceptions.AssertionError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">AssertionError</span></tt></a> differently.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Even though <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.FunctionTestCase" title="unittest.FunctionTestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionTestCase</span></tt></a> can be used to quickly convert an existing test base over to a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>-based system, this approach is not recommended. Taking the time to set up proper <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> subclasses will make future test refactorings infinitely easier.</p> </div> <p>In some cases, the existing tests may have been written using the <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> module. If so, <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> provides a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestSuite</span></tt> class that can automatically build <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a> instances from the existing <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a>-based tests.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="skipping-tests-and-expected-failures"> <span id="unittest-skipping"></span><h2>25.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures<a class="headerlink" href="#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> <p>Unittest supports skipping individual test methods and even whole classes of tests. In addition, it supports marking a test as a “expected failure,” a test that is broken and will fail, but shouldn’t be counted as a failure on a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>Skipping a test is simply a matter of using the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.skip" title="unittest.skip"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">skip()</span></tt></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-decorator"><em class="xref std std-term">decorator</em></a> or one of its conditional variants.</p> <p>Basic skipping looks like this:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nd">@unittest.skip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"demonstrating skipping"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_nothing</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"shouldn't happen"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nd">@unittest.skipIf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mylib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__version__</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">"not supported in this library version"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># Tests that work for only a certain version of the library.</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="nd">@unittest.skipUnless</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">platform</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"win"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">"requires Windows"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_windows_support</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># windows specific testing code</span> <span class="k">pass</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This is the output of running the example above in verbose mode:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>test_format (__main__.MyTestCase) ... skipped 'not supported in this library version' test_nothing (__main__.MyTestCase) ... skipped 'demonstrating skipping' test_windows_support (__main__.MyTestCase) ... skipped 'requires Windows' ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.005s OK (skipped=3)</pre> </div> <p>Classes can be skipped just like methods:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@unittest.skip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"showing class skipping"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MySkippedTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_not_run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">pass</span> </pre></div> </div> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase.setUp()</span></tt></a> can also skip the test. This is useful when a resource that needs to be set up is not available.</p> <p>Expected failures use the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.expectedFailure" title="unittest.expectedFailure"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">expectedFailure()</span></tt></a> decorator.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExpectedFailureTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nd">@unittest.expectedFailure</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_fail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"broken"</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>It’s easy to roll your own skipping decorators by making a decorator that calls <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.skip" title="unittest.skip"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">skip()</span></tt></a> on the test when it wants it to be skipped. This decorator skips the test unless the passed object has a certain attribute:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">skipUnlessHasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"{!r} doesn't have {!r}"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The following decorators implement test skipping and expected failures:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.skip"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">skip</tt><big>(</big><em>reason</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.skip" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Unconditionally skip the decorated test. <em>reason</em> should describe why the test is being skipped.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.skipIf"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">skipIf</tt><big>(</big><em>condition</em>, <em>reason</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.skipIf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Skip the decorated test if <em>condition</em> is true.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.skipUnless"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">skipUnless</tt><big>(</big><em>condition</em>, <em>reason</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.skipUnless" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Skip the decorated test unless <em>condition</em> is true.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.expectedFailure"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">expectedFailure</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.expectedFailure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Mark the test as an expected failure. If the test fails when run, the test is not counted as a failure.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="unittest.SkipTest"> <em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">SkipTest</tt><big>(</big><em>reason</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.SkipTest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This exception is raised to skip a test.</p> <p>Usually you can use <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.skipTest" title="unittest.TestCase.skipTest"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase.skipTest()</span></tt></a> or one of the skipping decorators instead of raising this directly.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Skipped tests will not have <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt> run around them. Skipped classes will not have <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpClass()</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownClass()</span></tt> run.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="classes-and-functions"> <span id="unittest-contents"></span><h2>25.3.7. Classes and functions<a class="headerlink" href="#classes-and-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This section describes in depth the API of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>.</p> <div class="section" id="test-cases"> <span id="testcase-objects"></span><h3>25.3.7.1. Test cases<a class="headerlink" href="#test-cases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">TestCase</tt><big>(</big><em>methodName='runTest'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Instances of the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> class represent the smallest testable units in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> universe. This class is intended to be used as a base class, with specific tests being implemented by concrete subclasses. This class implements the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to drive the test, and methods that the test code can use to check for and report various kinds of failure.</p> <p>Each instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> will run a single test method: the method named <em>methodName</em>. If you remember, we had an earlier example that went something like this:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">suite</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">suite</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestSuite</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">suite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_default_size'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">suite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WidgetTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_resize'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">suite</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Here, we create two instances of <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">WidgetTestCase</span></tt>, each of which runs a single test.</p> <p><em>methodName</em> defaults to <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">runTest()</span></tt>.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances provide three groups of methods: one group used to run the test, another used by the test implementation to check conditions and report failures, and some inquiry methods allowing information about the test itself to be gathered.</p> <p>Methods in the first group (running the test) are:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.setUp"> <tt class="descname">setUp</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Method called to prepare the test fixture. This is called immediately before calling the test method; any exception raised by this method will be considered an error rather than a test failure. The default implementation does nothing.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"> <tt class="descname">tearDown</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Method called immediately after the test method has been called and the result recorded. This is called even if the test method raised an exception, so the implementation in subclasses may need to be particularly careful about checking internal state. Any exception raised by this method will be considered an error rather than a test failure. This method will only be called if the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> succeeds, regardless of the outcome of the test method. The default implementation does nothing.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.setUpClass"> <tt class="descname">setUpClass</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUpClass" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A class method called before tests in an individual class run. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpClass</span></tt> is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#classmethod" title="classmethod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod()</span></tt></a>:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@classmethod</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUpClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#class-and-module-fixtures">Class and Module Fixtures</a> for more details.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.tearDownClass"> <tt class="descname">tearDownClass</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDownClass" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A class method called after tests in an individual class have run. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownClass</span></tt> is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#classmethod" title="classmethod"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod()</span></tt></a>:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@classmethod</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDownClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#class-and-module-fixtures">Class and Module Fixtures</a> for more details.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.run"> <tt class="descname">run</tt><big>(</big><em>result=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Run the test, collecting the result into the test result object passed as <em>result</em>. If <em>result</em> is omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, a temporary result object is created (by calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.defaultTestResult" title="unittest.TestCase.defaultTestResult"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaultTestResult()</span></tt></a> method) and used. The result object is not returned to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.run" title="unittest.TestCase.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></tt></a>‘s caller.</p> <p>The same effect may be had by simply calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instance.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.skipTest"> <tt class="descname">skipTest</tt><big>(</big><em>reason</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.skipTest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Calling this during a test method or <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> skips the current test. See <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest-skipping"><em>Skipping tests and expected failures</em></a> for more information.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.debug"> <tt class="descname">debug</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.debug" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Run the test without collecting the result. This allows exceptions raised by the test to be propagated to the caller, and can be used to support running tests under a debugger.</p> </dd></dl> <p id="assert-methods">The <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> class provides a number of methods to check for and report failures, such as:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="48%" /> <col width="34%" /> <col width="18%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Method</th> <th class="head">Checks that</th> <th class="head">New in</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertTrue(x)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool(x)</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">True</span></tt></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse" title="unittest.TestCase.assertFalse"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertFalse(x)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool(x)</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">False</span></tt></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIs" title="unittest.TestCase.assertIs"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIs(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNot" title="unittest.TestCase.assertIsNot"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIsNot(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNone" title="unittest.TestCase.assertIsNone"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIsNone(x)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">None</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNotNone" title="unittest.TestCase.assertIsNotNone"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIsNotNone(x)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">None</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIn" title="unittest.TestCase.assertIn"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIn(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotIn" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotIn"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotIn(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsInstance" title="unittest.TestCase.assertIsInstance"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIsInstance(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotIsInstance" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotIsInstance"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotIsInstance(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">isinstance(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>All the assert methods (except <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaises()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaisesRegexp()</span></tt></a>) accept a <em>msg</em> argument that, if specified, is used as the error message on failure (see also <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.longMessage" title="unittest.TestCase.longMessage"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">longMessage</span></tt></a>).</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>first</em> and <em>second</em> are equal. If the values do not compare equal, the test will fail.</p> <p>In addition, if <em>first</em> and <em>second</em> are the exact same type and one of list, tuple, dict, set, frozenset or unicode or any type that a subclass registers with <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc" title="unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">addTypeEqualityFunc()</span></tt></a> the type-specific equality function will be called in order to generate a more useful default error message (see also the <a class="reference internal" href="#type-specific-methods"><em>list of type-specific methods</em></a>).</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Added the automatic calling of type-specific equality function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertNotEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>first</em> and <em>second</em> are not equal. If the values do compare equal, the test will fail.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"> <tt class="descname">assertTrue</tt><big>(</big><em>expr</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertFalse"> <tt class="descname">assertFalse</tt><big>(</big><em>expr</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>expr</em> is true (or false).</p> <p>Note that this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool(expr)</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">True</span></tt> and not to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">expr</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">True</span></tt> (use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIs(expr,</span> <span class="pre">True)</span></tt> for the latter). This method should also be avoided when more specific methods are available (e.g. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertTrue(a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt>), because they provide a better error message in case of failure.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertIs"> <tt class="descname">assertIs</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertIsNot"> <tt class="descname">assertIsNot</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>first</em> and <em>second</em> evaluate (or don’t evaluate) to the same object.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertIsNone"> <tt class="descname">assertIsNone</tt><big>(</big><em>expr</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertIsNotNone"> <tt class="descname">assertIsNotNone</tt><big>(</big><em>expr</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNotNone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>expr</em> is (or is not) None.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertIn"> <tt class="descname">assertIn</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIn" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertNotIn"> <tt class="descname">assertNotIn</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotIn" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>first</em> is (or is not) in <em>second</em>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertIsInstance"> <tt class="descname">assertIsInstance</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>cls</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIsInstance" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertNotIsInstance"> <tt class="descname">assertNotIsInstance</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>cls</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotIsInstance" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>obj</em> is (or is not) an instance of <em>cls</em> (which can be a class or a tuple of classes, as supported by <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#isinstance" title="isinstance"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance()</span></tt></a>). To check for the exact type, use <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertIs" title="unittest.TestCase.assertIs"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertIs(type(obj),</span> <span class="pre">cls)</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>It is also possible to check that exceptions and warnings are raised using the following methods:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="53%" /> <col width="36%" /> <col width="11%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Method</th> <th class="head">Checks that</th> <th class="head">New in</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaises(exc,</span> <span class="pre">fun,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwds)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fun(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwds)</span></tt> raises <em>exc</em></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaisesRegexp(exc,</span> <span class="pre">re,</span> <span class="pre">fun,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwds)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fun(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwds)</span></tt> raises <em>exc</em> and the message matches <em>re</em></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"> <tt class="descname">assertRaises</tt><big>(</big><em>exception</em>, <em>callable</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwds</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">assertRaises</tt><big>(</big><em>exception</em><big>)</big></dt> <dd><p>Test that an exception is raised when <em>callable</em> is called with any positional or keyword arguments that are also passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaises()</span></tt></a>. The test passes if <em>exception</em> is raised, is an error if another exception is raised, or fails if no exception is raised. To catch any of a group of exceptions, a tuple containing the exception classes may be passed as <em>exception</em>.</p> <p>If only the <em>exception</em> argument is given, returns a context manager so that the code under test can be written inline rather than as a function:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">with</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">do_something</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The context manager will store the caught exception object in its <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception</span></tt> attribute. This can be useful if the intention is to perform additional checks on the exception raised:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">with</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">cm</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">do_something</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">the_exception</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exception</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">the_exception</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error_code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Added the ability to use <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaises()</span></tt></a> as a context manager.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp"> <tt class="descname">assertRaisesRegexp</tt><big>(</big><em>exception</em>, <em>regexp</em>, <em>callable</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwds</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">assertRaisesRegexp</tt><big>(</big><em>exception</em>, <em>regexp</em><big>)</big></dt> <dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaises()</span></tt></a> but also tests that <em>regexp</em> matches on the string representation of the raised exception. <em>regexp</em> may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">re.search()</span></tt></a>. Examples:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertRaisesRegexp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'invalid literal for.*XYZ$'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'XYZ'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>or:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">with</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertRaisesRegexp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'literal'</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'XYZ'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>There are also other methods used to perform more specific checks, such as:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="46%" /> <col width="38%" /> <col width="16%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Method</th> <th class="head">Checks that</th> <th class="head">New in</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">round(a-b,</span> <span class="pre">7)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0</span></tt></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">round(a-b,</span> <span class="pre">7)</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">0</span></tt></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertGreater" title="unittest.TestCase.assertGreater"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertGreater(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertGreaterEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertGreaterEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertGreaterEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertLess" title="unittest.TestCase.assertLess"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertLess(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertLessEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertLessEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertLessEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRegexpMatches(s,</span> <span class="pre">re)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">regex.search(s)</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegexpMatches" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegexpMatches"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotRegexpMatches(s,</span> <span class="pre">re)</span></tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">regex.search(s)</span></tt></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertItemsEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>sorted(a) == sorted(b) and works with unhashable objs</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertDictContainsSubset" title="unittest.TestCase.assertDictContainsSubset"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertDictContainsSubset(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>all the key/value pairs in <em>a</em> exist in <em>b</em></td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertAlmostEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>places=7</em>, <em>msg=None</em>, <em>delta=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertNotAlmostEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>places=7</em>, <em>msg=None</em>, <em>delta=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>first</em> and <em>second</em> are approximately (or not approximately) equal by computing the difference, rounding to the given number of decimal <em>places</em> (default 7), and comparing to zero. Note that these methods round the values to the given number of <em>decimal places</em> (i.e. like the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#round" title="round"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">round()</span></tt></a> function) and not <em>significant digits</em>.</p> <p>If <em>delta</em> is supplied instead of <em>places</em> then the difference between <em>first</em> and <em>second</em> must be less (or more) than <em>delta</em>.</p> <p>Supplying both <em>delta</em> and <em>places</em> raises a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEqual()</span></tt></a> automatically considers almost equal objects that compare equal. <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEqual()</span></tt></a> automatically fails if the objects compare equal. Added the <em>delta</em> keyword argument.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertGreater"> <tt class="descname">assertGreater</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertGreater" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertGreaterEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertGreaterEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertGreaterEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertLess"> <tt class="descname">assertLess</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertLess" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertLessEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertLessEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertLessEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that <em>first</em> is respectively >, >=, < or <= than <em>second</em> depending on the method name. If not, the test will fail:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertGreaterEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">AssertionError: "3" unexpectedly not greater than or equal to "4"</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches"> <tt class="descname">assertRegexpMatches</tt><big>(</big><em>text</em>, <em>regexp</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that a <em>regexp</em> search matches <em>text</em>. In case of failure, the error message will include the pattern and the <em>text</em> (or the pattern and the part of <em>text</em> that unexpectedly matched). <em>regexp</em> may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">re.search()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegexpMatches"> <tt class="descname">assertNotRegexpMatches</tt><big>(</big><em>text</em>, <em>regexp</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegexpMatches" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Verifies that a <em>regexp</em> search does not match <em>text</em>. Fails with an error message including the pattern and the part of <em>text</em> that matches. <em>regexp</em> may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">re.search()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertItemsEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>actual</em>, <em>expected</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that sequence <em>expected</em> contains the same elements as <em>actual</em>, regardless of their order. When they don’t, an error message listing the differences between the sequences will be generated.</p> <p>Duplicate elements are <em>not</em> ignored when comparing <em>actual</em> and <em>expected</em>. It verifies if each element has the same count in both sequences. It is the equivalent of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual(sorted(expected),</span> <span class="pre">sorted(actual))</span></tt> but it works with sequences of unhashable objects as well.</p> <p>In Python 3, this method is named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertCountEqual</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertDictContainsSubset"> <tt class="descname">assertDictContainsSubset</tt><big>(</big><em>expected</em>, <em>actual</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertDictContainsSubset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tests whether the key/value pairs in dictionary <em>actual</em> are a superset of those in <em>expected</em>. If not, an error message listing the missing keys and mismatched values is generated.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> <p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.2.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p id="type-specific-methods">The <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a> method dispatches the equality check for objects of the same type to different type-specific methods. These methods are already implemented for most of the built-in types, but it’s also possible to register new methods using <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc" title="unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">addTypeEqualityFunc()</span></tt></a>:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc"> <tt class="descname">addTypeEqualityFunc</tt><big>(</big><em>typeobj</em>, <em>function</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Registers a type-specific method called by <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a> to check if two objects of exactly the same <em>typeobj</em> (not subclasses) compare equal. <em>function</em> must take two positional arguments and a third msg=None keyword argument just as <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a> does. It must raise <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.failureException" title="unittest.TestCase.failureException"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.failureException(msg)</span></tt></a> when inequality between the first two parameters is detected – possibly providing useful information and explaining the inequalities in details in the error message.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>The list of type-specific methods automatically used by <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a> are summarized in the following table. Note that it’s usually not necessary to invoke these methods directly.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="49%" /> <col width="35%" /> <col width="17%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Method</th> <th class="head">Used to compare</th> <th class="head">New in</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertMultiLineEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>strings</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertSequenceEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>sequences</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertListEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>lists</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertTupleEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>tuples</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertSetEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertSetEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertSetEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>sets or frozensets</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertDictEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></a></td> <td>dicts</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertMultiLineEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that the multiline string <em>first</em> is equal to the string <em>second</em>. When not equal a diff of the two strings highlighting the differences will be included in the error message. This method is used by default when comparing strings with <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertSequenceEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>seq1</em>, <em>seq2</em>, <em>msg=None</em>, <em>seq_type=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tests that two sequences are equal. If a <em>seq_type</em> is supplied, both <em>seq1</em> and <em>seq2</em> must be instances of <em>seq_type</em> or a failure will be raised. If the sequences are different an error message is constructed that shows the difference between the two.</p> <p>This method is not called directly by <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a>, but it’s used to implement <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertListEqual()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertTupleEqual()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertListEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>list1</em>, <em>list2</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertTupleEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>tuple1</em>, <em>tuple2</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tests that two lists or tuples are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that shows only the differences between the two. An error is also raised if either of the parameters are of the wrong type. These methods are used by default when comparing lists or tuples with <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertSetEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertSetEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>set1</em>, <em>set2</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertSetEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tests that two sets are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that lists the differences between the sets. This method is used by default when comparing sets or frozensets with <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>Fails if either of <em>set1</em> or <em>set2</em> does not have a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set.difference" title="set.difference"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set.difference()</span></tt></a> method.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual"> <tt class="descname">assertDictEqual</tt><big>(</big><em>expected</em>, <em>actual</em>, <em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Test that two dictionaries are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that shows the differences in the dictionaries. This method will be used by default to compare dictionaries in calls to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p id="other-methods-and-attrs">Finally the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> provides the following methods and attributes:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.fail"> <tt class="descname">fail</tt><big>(</big><em>msg=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.fail" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Signals a test failure unconditionally, with <em>msg</em> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> for the error message.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.failureException"> <tt class="descname">failureException</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.failureException" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This class attribute gives the exception raised by the test method. If a test framework needs to use a specialized exception, possibly to carry additional information, it must subclass this exception in order to “play fair” with the framework. The initial value of this attribute is <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.AssertionError" title="exceptions.AssertionError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">AssertionError</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.longMessage"> <tt class="descname">longMessage</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.longMessage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> then any explicit failure message you pass in to the <a class="reference internal" href="#assert-methods"><em>assert methods</em></a> will be appended to the end of the normal failure message. The normal messages contain useful information about the objects involved, for example the message from assertEqual shows you the repr of the two unequal objects. Setting this attribute to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> allows you to have a custom error message in addition to the normal one.</p> <p>This attribute defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, meaning that a custom message passed to an assert method will silence the normal message.</p> <p>The class setting can be overridden in individual tests by assigning an instance attribute to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> before calling the assert methods.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.maxDiff"> <tt class="descname">maxDiff</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.maxDiff" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This attribute controls the maximum length of diffs output by assert methods that report diffs on failure. It defaults to 80*8 characters. Assert methods affected by this attribute are <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertSequenceEqual()</span></tt></a> (including all the sequence comparison methods that delegate to it), <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertDictEqual()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertMultiLineEqual()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>Setting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">maxDiff</span></tt> to None means that there is no maximum length of diffs.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>Testing frameworks can use the following methods to collect information on the test:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.countTestCases"> <tt class="descname">countTestCases</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.countTestCases" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the number of tests represented by this test object. For <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances, this will always be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.defaultTestResult"> <tt class="descname">defaultTestResult</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.defaultTestResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return an instance of the test result class that should be used for this test case class (if no other result instance is provided to the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.run" title="unittest.TestCase.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></tt></a> method).</p> <p>For <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances, this will always be an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a>; subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> should override this as necessary.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.id"> <tt class="descname">id</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.id" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a string identifying the specific test case. This is usually the full name of the test method, including the module and class name.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.shortDescription"> <tt class="descname">shortDescription</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.shortDescription" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a description of the test, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if no description has been provided. The default implementation of this method returns the first line of the test method’s docstring, if available, or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.addCleanup"> <tt class="descname">addCleanup</tt><big>(</big><em>function</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.addCleanup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Add a function to be called after <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a> to cleanup resources used during the test. Functions will be called in reverse order to the order they are added (LIFO). They are called with any arguments and keyword arguments passed into <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.addCleanup" title="unittest.TestCase.addCleanup"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">addCleanup()</span></tt></a> when they are added.</p> <p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> fails, meaning that <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a> is not called, then any cleanup functions added will still be called.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestCase.doCleanups"> <tt class="descname">doCleanups</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestCase.doCleanups" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This method is called unconditionally after <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a>, or after <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> if <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.setUp" title="unittest.TestCase.setUp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUp()</span></tt></a> raises an exception.</p> <p>It is responsible for calling all the cleanup functions added by <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.addCleanup" title="unittest.TestCase.addCleanup"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">addCleanup()</span></tt></a>. If you need cleanup functions to be called <em>prior</em> to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.tearDown" title="unittest.TestCase.tearDown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDown()</span></tt></a> then you can call <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.doCleanups" title="unittest.TestCase.doCleanups"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">doCleanups()</span></tt></a> yourself.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.doCleanups" title="unittest.TestCase.doCleanups"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">doCleanups()</span></tt></a> pops methods off the stack of cleanup functions one at a time, so it can be called at any time.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="unittest.FunctionTestCase"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">FunctionTestCase</tt><big>(</big><em>testFunc</em>, <em>setUp=None</em>, <em>tearDown=None</em>, <em>description=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.FunctionTestCase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This class implements the portion of the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> interface which allows the test runner to drive the test, but does not provide the methods which test code can use to check and report errors. This is used to create test cases using legacy test code, allowing it to be integrated into a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>-based test framework.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="deprecated-aliases"> <h4>25.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecated-aliases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>For historical reasons, some of the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> methods had one or more aliases that are now deprecated. The following table lists the correct names along with their deprecated aliases:</p> <blockquote> <div><table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="49%" /> <col width="51%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Method Name</th> <th class="head">Deprecated alias(es)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertEqual()</span></tt></a></td> <td>failUnlessEqual, assertEquals</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotEqual()</span></tt></a></td> <td>failIfEqual</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertTrue()</span></tt></a></td> <td>failUnless, assert_</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse" title="unittest.TestCase.assertFalse"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertFalse()</span></tt></a></td> <td>failIf</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertRaises()</span></tt></a></td> <td>failUnlessRaises</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEqual()</span></tt></a></td> <td>failUnlessAlmostEqual</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEqual()</span></tt></a></td> <td>failIfAlmostEqual</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>the aliases listed in the second column</p> </div></blockquote> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="grouping-tests"> <span id="testsuite-objects"></span><h3>25.3.7.2. Grouping tests<a class="headerlink" href="#grouping-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="unittest.TestSuite"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">TestSuite</tt><big>(</big><em>tests=()</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This class represents an aggregation of individual tests cases and test suites. The class presents the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to be run as any other test case. Running a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> instance is the same as iterating over the suite, running each test individually.</p> <p>If <em>tests</em> is given, it must be an iterable of individual test cases or other test suites that will be used to build the suite initially. Additional methods are provided to add test cases and suites to the collection later on.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> objects behave much like <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> objects, except they do not actually implement a test. Instead, they are used to aggregate tests into groups of tests that should be run together. Some additional methods are available to add tests to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> instances:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestSuite.addTest"> <tt class="descname">addTest</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestSuite.addTest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Add a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> to the suite.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestSuite.addTests"> <tt class="descname">addTests</tt><big>(</big><em>tests</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestSuite.addTests" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Add all the tests from an iterable of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> instances to this test suite.</p> <p>This is equivalent to iterating over <em>tests</em>, calling <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite.addTest" title="unittest.TestSuite.addTest"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">addTest()</span></tt></a> for each element.</p> </dd></dl> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> shares the following methods with <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestSuite.run"> <tt class="descname">run</tt><big>(</big><em>result</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestSuite.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Run the tests associated with this suite, collecting the result into the test result object passed as <em>result</em>. Note that unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase.run" title="unittest.TestCase.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase.run()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite.run" title="unittest.TestSuite.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite.run()</span></tt></a> requires the result object to be passed in.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestSuite.debug"> <tt class="descname">debug</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestSuite.debug" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Run the tests associated with this suite without collecting the result. This allows exceptions raised by the test to be propagated to the caller and can be used to support running tests under a debugger.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestSuite.countTestCases"> <tt class="descname">countTestCases</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestSuite.countTestCases" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the number of tests represented by this test object, including all individual tests and sub-suites.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestSuite.__iter__"> <tt class="descname">__iter__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestSuite.__iter__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tests grouped by a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> are always accessed by iteration. Subclasses can lazily provide tests by overriding <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite.__iter__" title="unittest.TestSuite.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></tt></a>. Note that this method maybe called several times on a single suite (for example when counting tests or comparing for equality) so the tests returned must be the same for repeated iterations.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>In earlier versions the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> accessed tests directly rather than through iteration, so overriding <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite.__iter__" title="unittest.TestSuite.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></tt></a> wasn’t sufficient for providing tests.</p> </dd></dl> <p>In the typical usage of a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> object, the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite.run" title="unittest.TestSuite.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></tt></a> method is invoked by a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestRunner</span></tt> rather than by the end-user test harness.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="loading-and-running-tests"> <h3>25.3.7.3. Loading and running tests<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-and-running-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">TestLoader</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> class is used to create test suites from classes and modules. Normally, there is no need to create an instance of this class; the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> module provides an instance that can be shared as <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.defaultTestLoader" title="unittest.defaultTestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.defaultTestLoader</span></tt></a>. Using a subclass or instance, however, allows customization of some configurable properties.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> objects have the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromTestCase"> <tt class="descname">loadTestsFromTestCase</tt><big>(</big><em>testCaseClass</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromTestCase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a suite of all tests cases contained in the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>-derived <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">testCaseClass</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule"> <tt class="descname">loadTestsFromModule</tt><big>(</big><em>module</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a suite of all tests cases contained in the given module. This method searches <em>module</em> for classes derived from <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> and creates an instance of the class for each test method defined for the class.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">While using a hierarchy of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>-derived classes can be convenient in sharing fixtures and helper functions, defining test methods on base classes that are not intended to be instantiated directly does not play well with this method. Doing so, however, can be useful when the fixtures are different and defined in subclasses.</p> </div> <p>If a module provides a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> function it will be called to load the tests. This allows modules to customize test loading. This is the <a class="reference internal" href="#load-tests-protocol">load_tests protocol</a>.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Support for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> added.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName"> <tt class="descname">loadTestsFromName</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>module=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a suite of all tests cases given a string specifier.</p> <p>The specifier <em>name</em> is a “dotted name” that may resolve either to a module, a test case class, a test method within a test case class, a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> instance, or a callable object which returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> instance. These checks are applied in the order listed here; that is, a method on a possible test case class will be picked up as “a test method within a test case class”, rather than “a callable object”.</p> <p>For example, if you have a module <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">SampleTests</span></tt> containing a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>-derived class <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SampleTestCase</span></tt> with three test methods (<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_one()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_two()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_three()</span></tt>), the specifier <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'SampleTests.SampleTestCase'</span></tt> would cause this method to return a suite which will run all three test methods. Using the specifier <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'SampleTests.SampleTestCase.test_two'</span></tt> would cause it to return a test suite which will run only the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_two()</span></tt> test method. The specifier can refer to modules and packages which have not been imported; they will be imported as a side-effect.</p> <p>The method optionally resolves <em>name</em> relative to the given <em>module</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromNames"> <tt class="descname">loadTestsFromNames</tt><big>(</big><em>names</em>, <em>module=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromNames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName" title="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">loadTestsFromName()</span></tt></a>, but takes a sequence of names rather than a single name. The return value is a test suite which supports all the tests defined for each name.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames"> <tt class="descname">getTestCaseNames</tt><big>(</big><em>testCaseClass</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a sorted sequence of method names found within <em>testCaseClass</em>; this should be a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.discover"> <tt class="descname">discover</tt><big>(</big><em>start_dir</em>, <em>pattern='test*.py'</em>, <em>top_level_dir=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.discover" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Find and return all test modules from the specified start directory, recursing into subdirectories to find them. Only test files that match <em>pattern</em> will be loaded. (Using shell style pattern matching.) Only module names that are importable (i.e. are valid Python identifiers) will be loaded.</p> <p>All test modules must be importable from the top level of the project. If the start directory is not the top level directory then the top level directory must be specified separately.</p> <p>If importing a module fails, for example due to a syntax error, then this will be recorded as a single error and discovery will continue.</p> <p>If a test package name (directory with <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></tt>) matches the pattern then the package will be checked for a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> function. If this exists then it will be called with <em>loader</em>, <em>tests</em>, <em>pattern</em>.</p> <p>If load_tests exists then discovery does <em>not</em> recurse into the package, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> is responsible for loading all tests in the package.</p> <p>The pattern is deliberately not stored as a loader attribute so that packages can continue discovery themselves. <em>top_level_dir</em> is stored so <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> does not need to pass this argument in to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">loader.discover()</span></tt>.</p> <p><em>start_dir</em> can be a dotted module name as well as a directory.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>The following attributes of a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> can be configured either by subclassing or assignment on an instance:</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.testMethodPrefix"> <tt class="descname">testMethodPrefix</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.testMethodPrefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>String giving the prefix of method names which will be interpreted as test methods. The default value is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'test'</span></tt>.</p> <p>This affects <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames" title="unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">getTestCaseNames()</span></tt></a> and all the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">loadTestsFrom*()</span></tt> methods.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.sortTestMethodsUsing"> <tt class="descname">sortTestMethodsUsing</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.sortTestMethodsUsing" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Function to be used to compare method names when sorting them in <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames" title="unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">getTestCaseNames()</span></tt></a> and all the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">loadTestsFrom*()</span></tt> methods. The default value is the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cmp" title="cmp"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmp()</span></tt></a> function; the attribute can also be set to <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a> to disable the sort.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestLoader.suiteClass"> <tt class="descname">suiteClass</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestLoader.suiteClass" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Callable object that constructs a test suite from a list of tests. No methods on the resulting object are needed. The default value is the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> class.</p> <p>This affects all the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">loadTestsFrom*()</span></tt> methods.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">TestResult</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This class is used to compile information about which tests have succeeded and which have failed.</p> <p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> object stores the results of a set of tests. The <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> classes ensure that results are properly recorded; test authors do not need to worry about recording the outcome of tests.</p> <p>Testing frameworks built on top of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> may want access to the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> object generated by running a set of tests for reporting purposes; a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> instance is returned by the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestRunner.run()</span></tt> method for this purpose.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> instances have the following attributes that will be of interest when inspecting the results of running a set of tests:</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.errors"> <tt class="descname">errors</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.errors" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A list containing 2-tuples of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test which raised an unexpected exception.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2: </span>Contains formatted tracebacks instead of <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a> results.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.failures"> <tt class="descname">failures</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.failures" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A list containing 2-tuples of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test where a failure was explicitly signalled using the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase.fail*()</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase.assert*()</span></tt> methods.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2: </span>Contains formatted tracebacks instead of <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a> results.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.skipped"> <tt class="descname">skipped</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.skipped" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A list containing 2-tuples of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances and strings holding the reason for skipping the test.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.expectedFailures"> <tt class="descname">expectedFailures</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.expectedFailures" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A list containing 2-tuples of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents an expected failure of the test case.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses"> <tt class="descname">unexpectedSuccesses</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A list containing <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> instances that were marked as expected failures, but succeeded.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.shouldStop"> <tt class="descname">shouldStop</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.shouldStop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> when the execution of tests should stop by <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.stop" title="unittest.TestResult.stop"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">stop()</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.testsRun"> <tt class="descname">testsRun</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.testsRun" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The total number of tests run so far.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.buffer"> <tt class="descname">buffer</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.buffer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If set to true, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></tt> will be buffered in between <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.startTest" title="unittest.TestResult.startTest"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">startTest()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.stopTest" title="unittest.TestResult.stopTest"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">stopTest()</span></tt></a> being called. Collected output will only be echoed onto the real <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></tt> if the test fails or errors. Any output is also attached to the failure / error message.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.failfast"> <tt class="descname">failfast</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.failfast" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If set to true <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.stop" title="unittest.TestResult.stop"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">stop()</span></tt></a> will be called on the first failure or error, halting the test run.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.wasSuccessful"> <tt class="descname">wasSuccessful</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.wasSuccessful" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if all tests run so far have passed, otherwise returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.stop"> <tt class="descname">stop</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.stop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This method can be called to signal that the set of tests being run should be aborted by setting the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.shouldStop" title="unittest.TestResult.shouldStop"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">shouldStop</span></tt></a> attribute to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>. <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestRunner</span></tt> objects should respect this flag and return without running any additional tests.</p> <p>For example, this feature is used by the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TextTestRunner" title="unittest.TextTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextTestRunner</span></tt></a> class to stop the test framework when the user signals an interrupt from the keyboard. Interactive tools which provide <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestRunner</span></tt> implementations can use this in a similar manner.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The following methods of the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> class are used to maintain the internal data structures, and may be extended in subclasses to support additional reporting requirements. This is particularly useful in building tools which support interactive reporting while tests are being run.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.startTest"> <tt class="descname">startTest</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.startTest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called when the test case <em>test</em> is about to be run.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.stopTest"> <tt class="descname">stopTest</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.stopTest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called after the test case <em>test</em> has been executed, regardless of the outcome.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.startTestRun"> <tt class="descname">startTestRun</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.startTestRun" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called once before any tests are executed.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.stopTestRun"> <tt class="descname">stopTestRun</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.stopTestRun" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called once after all tests are executed.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.addError"> <tt class="descname">addError</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em>, <em>err</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.addError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called when the test case <em>test</em> raises an unexpected exception <em>err</em> is a tuple of the form returned by <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a>: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(type,</span> <span class="pre">value,</span> <span class="pre">traceback)</span></tt>.</p> <p>The default implementation appends a tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(test,</span> <span class="pre">formatted_err)</span></tt> to the instance’s <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.errors" title="unittest.TestResult.errors"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">errors</span></tt></a> attribute, where <em>formatted_err</em> is a formatted traceback derived from <em>err</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.addFailure"> <tt class="descname">addFailure</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em>, <em>err</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.addFailure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called when the test case <em>test</em> signals a failure. <em>err</em> is a tuple of the form returned by <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a>: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(type,</span> <span class="pre">value,</span> <span class="pre">traceback)</span></tt>.</p> <p>The default implementation appends a tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(test,</span> <span class="pre">formatted_err)</span></tt> to the instance’s <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.failures" title="unittest.TestResult.failures"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">failures</span></tt></a> attribute, where <em>formatted_err</em> is a formatted traceback derived from <em>err</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.addSuccess"> <tt class="descname">addSuccess</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.addSuccess" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called when the test case <em>test</em> succeeds.</p> <p>The default implementation does nothing.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.addSkip"> <tt class="descname">addSkip</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em>, <em>reason</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.addSkip" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called when the test case <em>test</em> is skipped. <em>reason</em> is the reason the test gave for skipping.</p> <p>The default implementation appends a tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(test,</span> <span class="pre">reason)</span></tt> to the instance’s <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.skipped" title="unittest.TestResult.skipped"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">skipped</span></tt></a> attribute.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.addExpectedFailure"> <tt class="descname">addExpectedFailure</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em>, <em>err</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.addExpectedFailure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called when the test case <em>test</em> fails, but was marked with the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.expectedFailure" title="unittest.expectedFailure"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">expectedFailure()</span></tt></a> decorator.</p> <p>The default implementation appends a tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(test,</span> <span class="pre">formatted_err)</span></tt> to the instance’s <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.expectedFailures" title="unittest.TestResult.expectedFailures"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">expectedFailures</span></tt></a> attribute, where <em>formatted_err</em> is a formatted traceback derived from <em>err</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TestResult.addUnexpectedSuccess"> <tt class="descname">addUnexpectedSuccess</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TestResult.addUnexpectedSuccess" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Called when the test case <em>test</em> was marked with the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.expectedFailure" title="unittest.expectedFailure"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">expectedFailure()</span></tt></a> decorator, but succeeded.</p> <p>The default implementation appends the test to the instance’s <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses" title="unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">unexpectedSuccesses</span></tt></a> attribute.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="unittest.TextTestResult"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">TextTestResult</tt><big>(</big><em>stream</em>, <em>descriptions</em>, <em>verbosity</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TextTestResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A concrete implementation of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> used by the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TextTestRunner" title="unittest.TextTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextTestRunner</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7: </span>This class was previously named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_TextTestResult</span></tt>. The old name still exists as an alias but is deprecated.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="unittest.defaultTestLoader"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">defaultTestLoader</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.defaultTestLoader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Instance of the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> class intended to be shared. If no customization of the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> is needed, this instance can be used instead of repeatedly creating new instances.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="unittest.TextTestRunner"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">TextTestRunner</tt><big>(</big><em>stream=sys.stderr</em>, <em>descriptions=True</em>, <em>verbosity=1</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TextTestRunner" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A basic test runner implementation which prints results on standard error. It has a few configurable parameters, but is essentially very simple. Graphical applications which run test suites should provide alternate implementations.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="unittest.TextTestRunner._makeResult"> <tt class="descname">_makeResult</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.TextTestRunner._makeResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This method returns the instance of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt> used by <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></tt>. It is not intended to be called directly, but can be overridden in subclasses to provide a custom <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt>.</p> <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_makeResult()</span></tt> instantiates the class or callable passed in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextTestRunner</span></tt> constructor as the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resultclass</span></tt> argument. It defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TextTestResult" title="unittest.TextTestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextTestResult</span></tt></a> if no <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resultclass</span></tt> is provided. The result class is instantiated with the following arguments:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">stream</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">descriptions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verbosity</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.main"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">main</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>module</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>defaultTest</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>argv</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>testRunner</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>testLoader</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>exit</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>verbosity</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>failfast</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>catchbreak</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>buffer</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.main" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A command-line program that loads a set of tests from <em>module</em> and runs them; this is primarily for making test modules conveniently executable. The simplest use for this function is to include the following line at the end of a test script:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>You can run tests with more detailed information by passing in the verbosity argument:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">verbosity</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The <em>argv</em> argument can be a list of options passed to the program, with the first element being the program name. If not specified or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, the values of <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.argv" title="sys.argv"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></tt></a> are used.</p> <p>The <em>testRunner</em> argument can either be a test runner class or an already created instance of it. By default <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> calls <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></tt></a> with an exit code indicating success or failure of the tests run.</p> <p>The <em>testLoader</em> argument has to be a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> instance, and defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.defaultTestLoader" title="unittest.defaultTestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaultTestLoader</span></tt></a>.</p> <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> supports being used from the interactive interpreter by passing in the argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit=False</span></tt>. This displays the result on standard output without calling <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></tt></a>:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">main</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'test_module'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">exit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The <em>failfast</em>, <em>catchbreak</em> and <em>buffer</em> parameters have the same effect as the same-name <a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-options">command-line options</a>.</p> <p>Calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> actually returns an instance of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestProgram</span></tt> class. This stores the result of the tests run as the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result</span></tt> attribute.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>The <em>exit</em>, <em>verbosity</em>, <em>failfast</em>, <em>catchbreak</em> and <em>buffer</em> parameters were added.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="load-tests-protocol"> <h4>25.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#load-tests-protocol" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> <p>Modules or packages can customize how tests are loaded from them during normal test runs or test discovery by implementing a function called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt>.</p> <p>If a test module defines <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> it will be called by <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule" title="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()</span></tt></a> with the following arguments:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">load_tests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">standard_tests</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>It should return a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a>.</p> <p><em>loader</em> is the instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></tt></a> doing the loading. <em>standard_tests</em> are the tests that would be loaded by default from the module. It is common for test modules to only want to add or remove tests from the standard set of tests. The third argument is used when loading packages as part of test discovery.</p> <p>A typical <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> function that loads tests from a specific set of <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> classes may look like:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">test_cases</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TestCase2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TestCase3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_tests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tests</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">suite</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TestSuite</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">test_class</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">test_cases</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">tests</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loadTestsFromTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test_class</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">suite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tests</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">suite</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If discovery is started, either from the command line or by calling <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestLoader.discover" title="unittest.TestLoader.discover"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestLoader.discover()</span></tt></a>, with a pattern that matches a package name then the package <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></tt> will be checked for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt>.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p>The default pattern is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'test*.py'</span></tt>. This matches all Python files that start with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'test'</span></tt> but <em>won’t</em> match any test directories.</p> <p class="last">A pattern like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'test*'</span></tt> will match test packages as well as modules.</p> </div> <p>If the package <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></tt> defines <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> then it will be called and discovery not continued into the package. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> is called with the following arguments:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">load_tests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">standard_tests</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This should return a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a> representing all the tests from the package. (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">standard_tests</span></tt> will only contain tests collected from <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></tt>.)</p> <p>Because the pattern is passed into <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> the package is free to continue (and potentially modify) test discovery. A ‘do nothing’ <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></tt> function for a test package would look like:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_tests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">standard_tests</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># top level directory cached on loader instance</span> <span class="n">this_dir</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__file__</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">package_tests</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">discover</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start_dir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">this_dir</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">standard_tests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">package_tests</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">standard_tests</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="class-and-module-fixtures"> <h2>25.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures<a class="headerlink" href="#class-and-module-fixtures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Class and module level fixtures are implemented in <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestSuite</span></tt></a>. When the test suite encounters a test from a new class then <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownClass()</span></tt> from the previous class (if there is one) is called, followed by <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpClass()</span></tt> from the new class.</p> <p>Similarly if a test is from a different module from the previous test then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownModule</span></tt> from the previous module is run, followed by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpModule</span></tt> from the new module.</p> <p>After all the tests have run the final <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownClass</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownModule</span></tt> are run.</p> <p>Note that shared fixtures do not play well with [potential] features like test parallelization and they break test isolation. They should be used with care.</p> <p>The default ordering of tests created by the unittest test loaders is to group all tests from the same modules and classes together. This will lead to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpClass</span></tt> / <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpModule</span></tt> (etc) being called exactly once per class and module. If you randomize the order, so that tests from different modules and classes are adjacent to each other, then these shared fixture functions may be called multiple times in a single test run.</p> <p>Shared fixtures are not intended to work with suites with non-standard ordering. A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseTestSuite</span></tt> still exists for frameworks that don’t want to support shared fixtures.</p> <p>If there are any exceptions raised during one of the shared fixture functions the test is reported as an error. Because there is no corresponding test instance an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_ErrorHolder</span></tt> object (that has the same interface as a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a>) is created to represent the error. If you are just using the standard unittest test runner then this detail doesn’t matter, but if you are a framework author it may be relevant.</p> <div class="section" id="setupclass-and-teardownclass"> <h3>25.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass<a class="headerlink" href="#setupclass-and-teardownclass" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>These must be implemented as class methods:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nd">@classmethod</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUpClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_connection</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">createExpensiveConnectionObject</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="nd">@classmethod</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDownClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">destroy</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If you want the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpClass</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownClass</span></tt> on base classes called then you must call up to them yourself. The implementations in <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestCase</span></tt></a> are empty.</p> <p>If an exception is raised during a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpClass</span></tt> then the tests in the class are not run and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownClass</span></tt> is not run. Skipped classes will not have <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpClass</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownClass</span></tt> run. If the exception is a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.SkipTest" title="unittest.SkipTest"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SkipTest</span></tt></a> exception then the class will be reported as having been skipped instead of as an error.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="setupmodule-and-teardownmodule"> <h3>25.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule<a class="headerlink" href="#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>These should be implemented as functions:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUpModule</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">createConnection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDownModule</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">closeConnection</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If an exception is raised in a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setUpModule</span></tt> then none of the tests in the module will be run and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tearDownModule</span></tt> will not be run. If the exception is a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.SkipTest" title="unittest.SkipTest"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SkipTest</span></tt></a> exception then the module will be reported as having been skipped instead of as an error.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="signal-handling"> <h2>25.3.9. Signal Handling<a class="headerlink" href="#signal-handling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-unittest-c"><em class="xref std std-option">-c/--catch</em></a> command-line option to unittest, along with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">catchbreak</span></tt> parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.main" title="unittest.main"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.main()</span></tt></a>, provide more friendly handling of control-C during a test run. With catch break behavior enabled control-C will allow the currently running test to complete, and the test run will then end and report all the results so far. A second control-c will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt" title="exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></a> in the usual way.</p> <p>The control-c handling signal handler attempts to remain compatible with code or tests that install their own <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal.SIGINT</span></tt> handler. If the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> handler is called but <em>isn’t</em> the installed <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal.SIGINT</span></tt> handler, i.e. it has been replaced by the system under test and delegated to, then it calls the default handler. This will normally be the expected behavior by code that replaces an installed handler and delegates to it. For individual tests that need <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> control-c handling disabled the <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.removeHandler" title="unittest.removeHandler"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">removeHandler()</span></tt></a> decorator can be used.</p> <p>There are a few utility functions for framework authors to enable control-c handling functionality within test frameworks.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.installHandler"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">installHandler</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.installHandler" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Install the control-c handler. When a <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal.SIGINT</span></tt> is received (usually in response to the user pressing control-c) all registered results have <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.stop" title="unittest.TestResult.stop"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">stop()</span></tt></a> called.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.registerResult"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">registerResult</tt><big>(</big><em>result</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.registerResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Register a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> object for control-c handling. Registering a result stores a weak reference to it, so it doesn’t prevent the result from being garbage collected.</p> <p>Registering a <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult" title="unittest.TestResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResult</span></tt></a> object has no side-effects if control-c handling is not enabled, so test frameworks can unconditionally register all results they create independently of whether or not handling is enabled.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.removeResult"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">removeResult</tt><big>(</big><em>result</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.removeResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Remove a registered result. Once a result has been removed then <a class="reference internal" href="#unittest.TestResult.stop" title="unittest.TestResult.stop"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">stop()</span></tt></a> will no longer be called on that result object in response to a control-c.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unittest.removeHandler"> <tt class="descclassname">unittest.</tt><tt class="descname">removeHandler</tt><big>(</big><em>function=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#unittest.removeHandler" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>When called without arguments this function removes the control-c handler if it has been installed. This function can also be used as a test decorator to temporarily remove the handler whilst the test is being executed:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@unittest.removeHandler</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_signal_handling</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">25.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> — Unit testing framework</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-example">25.3.1. Basic example</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-interface">25.3.2. Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-options">25.3.2.1. Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-discovery">25.3.3. Test Discovery</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#organizing-test-code">25.3.4. Organizing test code</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#re-using-old-test-code">25.3.5. Re-using old test code</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">25.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#classes-and-functions">25.3.7. Classes and functions</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-cases">25.3.7.1. Test cases</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#deprecated-aliases">25.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#grouping-tests">25.3.7.2. Grouping tests</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-and-running-tests">25.3.7.3. Loading and running tests</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#load-tests-protocol">25.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-and-module-fixtures">25.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#setupclass-and-teardownclass">25.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">25.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#signal-handling">25.3.9. Signal Handling</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="doctest.html" title="previous chapter">25.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt> — Test interactive Python examples</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="2to3.html" title="next chapter">25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/unittest.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="2to3.html" title="25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="doctest.html" title="25.2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="development.html" >25. 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