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2to3.html
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__builtin__.html
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__future__.html
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__main__.html
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abc.html
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al.html
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allos.html
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anydbm.html
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archiving.html
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argparse.html
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array.html
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ast.html
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atexit.html
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audioop.html
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autogil.html
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basehttpserver.html
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bastion.html
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bdb.html
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bz2.html
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calendar.html
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carbon.html
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cd.html
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cgi.html
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cgihttpserver.html
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cgitb.html
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chunk.html
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cmath.html
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cmd.html
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code.html
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codecs.html
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codeop.html
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collections.html
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colorpicker.html
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colorsys.html
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commands.html
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compileall.html
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compiler.html
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configparser.html
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constants.html
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contextlib.html
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cookie.html
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cookielib.html
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copy.html
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crypt.html
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crypto.html
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csv.html
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ctypes.html
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custominterp.html
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datatypes.html
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datetime.html
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dbm.html
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development.html
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dis.html
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distutils.html
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doctest.html
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dummy_thread.html
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dummy_threading.html
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easydialogs.html
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email-examples.html
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email.charset.html
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email.encoders.html
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email.generator.html
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email.html
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exceptions.html
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fpformat.html
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fractions.html
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framework.html
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frameworks.html
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ftplib.html
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functions.html
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functools.html
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future_builtins.html
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gc.html
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gdbm.html
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gensuitemodule.html
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getopt.html
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getpass.html
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gettext.html
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gl.html
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glob.html
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grp.html
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gzip.html
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hashlib.html
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heapq.html
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hmac.html
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hotshot.html
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htmllib.html
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htmlparser.html
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httplib.html
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i18n.html
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ic.html
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idle.html
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imageop.html
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imaplib.html
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imgfile.html
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imghdr.html
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imp.html
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importlib.html
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imputil.html
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index.html
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inspect.html
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internet.html
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intro.html
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io.html
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ipc.html
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itertools.html
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jpeg.html
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json.html
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keyword.html
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language.html
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linecache.html
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locale.html
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logging.config.html
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logging.handlers.html
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logging.html
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mac.html
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macostools.html
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macpath.html
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mailbox.html
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mailcap.html
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markup.html
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marshal.html
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math.html
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md5.html
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mmap.html
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modulefinder.html
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modules.html
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msilib.html
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msvcrt.html
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multiprocessing.html
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mutex.html
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netdata.html
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netrc.html
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new.html
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nis.html
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nntplib.html
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numbers.html
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numeric.html
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operator.html
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othergui.html
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pdb.html
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pickle.html
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pkgutil.html
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profile.html
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python.html
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queue.html
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random.html
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readline.html
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rlcompleter.html
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select.html
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sets.html
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sgi.html
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sgmllib.html
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sha.html
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signal.html
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zipimport.html
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zlib.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>9.9. operator — Standard operators as functions — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="9. 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Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-operator"> <span id="operator-standard-operators-as-functions"></span><h1>9.9. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> — Standard operators as functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator.add(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt> is equivalent to the expression <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x+y</span></tt>. The function names are those used for special class methods; variants without leading and trailing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__</span></tt> are also provided for convenience.</p> <p>The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical operations, mathematical operations, sequence operations, and abstract type tests.</p> <p>The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after the rich comparison operators they support:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.lt"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">lt</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.le"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">le</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.le" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.eq"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">eq</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.eq" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.ne"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ne</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.ge"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ge</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.gt"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">gt</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.gt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__lt__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__lt__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__le__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__le__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__le__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__eq__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__eq__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__eq__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__ne__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ne__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ne__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__ge__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ge__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ge__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__gt__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__gt__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__gt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Perform “rich comparisons” between <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>. Specifically, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>. Note that unlike the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cmp" title="cmp"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmp()</span></tt></a>, these functions can return any value, which may or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value. See <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#comparisons"><em>Comparisons</em></a> for more information about rich comparisons.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.not_"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">not_</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.not_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__not__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__not__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__not__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the outcome of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#not"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span></tt></a> <em>obj</em>. (Note that there is no <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__not__" title="operator.__not__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__not__()</span></tt></a> method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines this operation. The result is affected by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__" title="object.__nonzero__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__" title="object.__len__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__()</span></tt></a> methods.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.truth"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">truth</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truth" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a> if <em>obj</em> is true, and <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></a> otherwise. This is equivalent to using the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></tt></a> constructor.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.is_"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">is_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>. Tests object identity.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.is_not"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">is_not</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_not" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>. Tests object identity.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.abs"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">abs</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.abs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__abs__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__abs__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__abs__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the absolute value of <em>obj</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.add"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">add</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__add__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__add__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__add__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.and_"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">and_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.and_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__and__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__and__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__and__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the bitwise and of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.div"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">div</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.div" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__div__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__div__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__div__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is not in effect. This is also known as “classic” division.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.floordiv"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">floordiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.floordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__floordiv__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__floordiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__floordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.index"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">index</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__index__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__index__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__index__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <em>a</em> converted to an integer. Equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a.__index__()</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.inv"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">inv</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.inv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.invert"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">invert</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.invert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__inv__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__inv__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__inv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__invert__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__invert__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__invert__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the bitwise inverse of the number <em>obj</em>. This is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~obj</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0: </span>The names <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.invert" title="operator.invert"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">invert()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__invert__" title="operator.__invert__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__invert__()</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.lshift"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">lshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__lshift__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__lshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted left by <em>b</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.mod"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">mod</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__mod__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__mod__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.mul"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">mul</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__mul__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__mul__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.neg"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">neg</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.neg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__neg__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__neg__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__neg__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> negated (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-obj</span></tt>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.or_"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">or_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.or_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__or__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__or__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__or__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the bitwise or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.pos"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">pos</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__pos__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__pos__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pos__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> positive (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">+obj</span></tt>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.pow"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">pow</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__pow__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__pow__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.rshift"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">rshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.rshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__rshift__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__rshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__rshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted right by <em>b</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.sub"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">sub</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__sub__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__sub__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__sub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.truediv"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">truediv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__truediv__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__truediv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__truediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is in effect. This is also known as “true” division.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.xor"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">xor</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.xor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__xor__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__xor__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__xor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the bitwise exclusive or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Operations which work with sequences (some of them with mappings too) include:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.concat"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">concat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__concat__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__concat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__concat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.contains"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">contains</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.contains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__contains__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__contains__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the outcome of the test <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt>. Note the reversed operands.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0: </span>The name <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__contains__" title="operator.__contains__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.countOf"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">countOf</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.countOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the number of occurrences of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.delitem"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">delitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__delitem__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__delitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Remove the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.delslice"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">delslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__delslice__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__delslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Delete the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p> <p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.delitem" title="operator.delitem"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice index.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.getitem"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">getitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__getitem__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__getitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.getslice"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">getslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__getslice__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__getslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p> <p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.getitem" title="operator.getitem"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice index.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.indexOf"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">indexOf</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.indexOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the index of the first of occurrence of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.repeat"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">repeat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.repeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__repeat__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__repeat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__repeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__mul__" title="operator.__mul__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mul__()</span></tt></a> instead.</p> <p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and <em>b</em> is an integer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.sequenceIncludes"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">sequenceIncludes</tt><big>(</big><em>...</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sequenceIncludes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains" title="operator.contains"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains()</span></tt></a> instead.</p> <p>Alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains" title="operator.contains"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains()</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.setitem"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">setitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__setitem__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__setitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em> to <em>c</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.setslice"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">setslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__setslice__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__setslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em> to the sequence <em>v</em>.</p> <p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.setitem" title="operator.setitem"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice index.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Example use of operator functions:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Elementwise multiplication</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="go">[0, 20, 60, 120]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dot product</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">]))</span> <span class="go">200</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Many operations have an “in-place” version. The following functions provide a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-statement"><em class="xref std std-term">statement</em></a> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt>. Another way to put it is to say that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt> is equivalent to the compound statement <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x;</span> <span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></tt>.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.iadd"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iadd</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iadd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__iadd__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iadd__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iadd__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iadd(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.iand"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iand</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iand" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__iand__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iand__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iand__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iand(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.iconcat"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iconcat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iconcat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__iconcat__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iconcat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iconcat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iconcat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.idiv"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">idiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.idiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__idiv__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__idiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__idiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">idiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is not in effect.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.ifloordiv"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ifloordiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ifloordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__ifloordiv__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ifloordiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ifloordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ifloordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.ilshift"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ilshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ilshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__ilshift__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ilshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ilshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ilshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><<=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.imod"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">imod</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__imod__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__imod__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.imul"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">imul</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__imul__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__imul__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.ior"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ior</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ior" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__ior__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ior__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ior__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ior(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.ipow"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ipow</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ipow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__ipow__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ipow__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ipow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ipow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.irepeat"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">irepeat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irepeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__irepeat__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__irepeat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irepeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__imul__" title="operator.__imul__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__imul__()</span></tt></a> instead.</p> <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irepeat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and <em>b</em> is an integer.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.irshift"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">irshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__irshift__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__irshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.isub"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isub</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__isub__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__isub__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__isub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">isub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.itruediv"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itruediv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itruediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__itruediv__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__itruediv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__itruediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itruediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is in effect.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.ixor"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ixor</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ixor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="operator.__ixor__"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ixor__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ixor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ixor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module also defines a few predicates to test the type of objects; however, these are not all reliable. It is preferable to test abstract base classes instead (see <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#module-numbers" title="numbers: Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">numbers</span></tt></a> for details).</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.isCallable"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isCallable</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isCallable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Callable)</span></tt> instead.</p> <p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> can be called like a function, otherwise it returns false. True is returned for functions, bound and unbound methods, class objects, and instance objects which support the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__" title="object.__call__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></tt></a> method.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.isMappingType"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isMappingType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isMappingType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Mapping)</span></tt> instead.</p> <p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the mapping interface. This is true for dictionaries and all instance objects defining <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.isNumberType"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isNumberType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isNumberType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">numbers.Number)</span></tt> instead.</p> <p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> represents a number. This is true for all numeric types implemented in C.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.isSequenceType"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isSequenceType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isSequenceType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Sequence)</span></tt> instead.</p> <p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the sequence protocol. This returns true for all objects which define sequence methods in C, and for all instance objects defining <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">map()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.groupby" title="itertools.groupby"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools.groupby()</span></tt></a>, or other functions that expect a function argument.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.attrgetter"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">attrgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>attr</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.attrgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">attrgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>*attrs</em><big>)</big></dt> <dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>attr</em> from its operand. If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes. The attribute names can also contain dots. For example:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name</span></tt>.</li> <li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name',</span> <span class="pre">'date')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(b.name,</span> <span class="pre">b.date)</span></tt>.</li> <li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name.first',</span> <span class="pre">'name.last')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(r.name.first,</span> <span class="pre">r.name.last)</span></tt>.</li> </ul> <p>Equivalent to:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">attrgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resolve_att</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"."</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple attributes.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added support for dotted attributes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.itemgetter"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itemgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>item</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itemgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>*items</em><big>)</big></dt> <dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>item</em> from its operand using the operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a> method. If multiple items are specified, returns a tuple of lookup values. For example:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2)</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(r)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">r[2]</span></tt>.</li> <li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2,</span> <span class="pre">5,</span> <span class="pre">3)</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g(r)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(r[2],</span> <span class="pre">r[5],</span> <span class="pre">r[3])</span></tt>.</li> </ul> <p>Equivalent to:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The items can be any type accepted by the operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a> method. Dictionaries accept any hashable value. Lists, tuples, and strings accept an index or a slice:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'B'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">('B', 'D', 'F')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">))(</span><span class="s">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'CDEFG'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple item extraction.</p> <p>Example of using <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="operator.itemgetter"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">itemgetter()</span></tt></a> to retrieve specific fields from a tuple record:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inventory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'apple'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'banana'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'pear'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'orange'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">getcount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">[3, 2, 5, 1]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">[('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)]</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="operator.methodcaller"> <tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">methodcaller</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>args...</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.methodcaller" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a callable object that calls the method <em>name</em> on its operand. If additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given to the method as well. For example:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name()</span></tt>.</li> <li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name',</span> <span class="pre">'foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name('foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></tt>.</li> </ul> <p>Equivalent to:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">methodcaller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">caller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">caller</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="mapping-operators-to-functions"> <span id="operator-map"></span><h2>9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the Python syntax and the functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="26%" /> <col width="29%" /> <col width="45%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Operation</th> <th class="head">Syntax</th> <th class="head">Function</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>Addition</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Concatenation</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">seq2</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concat(seq1,</span> <span class="pre">seq2)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Containment Test</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">seq</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains(seq,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Division</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">div(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> (without <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Division</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">truediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> (with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Division</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">floordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Bitwise And</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">and_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Bitwise Exclusive Or</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Bitwise Inversion</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">invert(a)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Bitwise Or</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Exponentiation</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Identity</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Identity</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_not(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Indexed Assignment</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k,</span> <span class="pre">v)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Indexed Deletion</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">obj[k]</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Indexing</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Left Shift</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Modulo</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Multiplication</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Negation (Arithmetic)</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">neg(a)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Negation (Logical)</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not_(a)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Positive</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pos(a)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Right Shift</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Sequence Repetition</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">i</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repeat(seq,</span> <span class="pre">i)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Slice Assignment</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">values</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j),</span> <span class="pre">values)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Slice Deletion</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Slicing</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>String Formatting</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">obj</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mod(s,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Subtraction</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Truth Test</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">truth(obj)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Ordering</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Ordering</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Equality</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Difference</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Ordering</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Ordering</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">9.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="functools.html" title="previous chapter">9.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools</span></tt> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="filesys.html" title="next chapter">10. 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