Gecko [ sachasauda.akalacademy.ac.in ]

Name	Size	Permission
App	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Archive	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Attribute	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
B	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
CPAN	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Class	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Compress	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Config	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
DBM_Filter	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Devel	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Encode	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
ExtUtils	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
File	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Filter	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Getopt	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
HTTP	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
I18N	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
IO	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
IPC	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
JSON	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
LWP	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Locale	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Log	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Math	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Memoize	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Module	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Net	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Object	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Package	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Perl	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
PerlIO	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Pod	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Search	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Term	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Test	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Text	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Thread	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Tie	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Time	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
URI	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Unicode	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
User	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
Version	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
encoding	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
overload	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
pod	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
unicore	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
vendor_perl	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
warnings	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x
AnyDBM_File.pm	2.56 KB	-rw-r--r--
AutoLoader.pm	14.66 KB	-rw-r--r--
AutoSplit.pm	19.18 KB	-rw-r--r--
Benchmark.pm	27.87 KB	-rw-r--r--
CORE.pod	2.7 KB	-rw-r--r--
CPAN.pm	132.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
DB.pm	18.43 KB	-rw-r--r--
DBM_Filter.pm	14.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
DirHandle.pm	1.52 KB	-rw-r--r--
Dumpvalue.pm	16.5 KB	-rw-r--r--
English.pm	4.34 KB	-rw-r--r--
FileCache.pm	5.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
FileHandle.pm	6.62 KB	-rw-r--r--
FindBin.pm	4.45 KB	-rw-r--r--
LWP.pm	21.15 KB	-rw-r--r--
Memoize.pm	34.4 KB	-rw-r--r--
NEXT.pm	18.05 KB	-rw-r--r--
PerlIO.pm	10.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
Safe.pm	24.03 KB	-rw-r--r--
SelectSaver.pm	1.05 KB	-rw-r--r--
SelfLoader.pm	16.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
Symbol.pm	4.68 KB	-rw-r--r--
Test.pm	28.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
Thread.pm	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--
UNIVERSAL.pm	6.97 KB	-rw-r--r--
URI.pm	33.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
XSLoader.pm	9.99 KB	-rw-r--r--
_charnames.pm	29.8 KB	-rw-r--r--
autouse.pm	4.14 KB	-rw-r--r--
base.pm	6.37 KB	-rw-r--r--
bigint.pm	17.44 KB	-rw-r--r--
bignum.pm	18.23 KB	-rw-r--r--
bigrat.pm	14.11 KB	-rw-r--r--
blib.pm	2.04 KB	-rw-r--r--
bytes.pm	2.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
bytes_heavy.pl	758 B	-rw-r--r--
charnames.pm	19.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
deprecate.pm	3.01 KB	-rw-r--r--
diagnostics.pm	17.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
dumpvar.pl	14.96 KB	-rw-r--r--
feature.pm	11.06 KB	-rw-r--r--
fields.pm	9.28 KB	-rw-r--r--
filetest.pm	3.91 KB	-rw-r--r--
if.pm	1.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
integer.pm	3.19 KB	-rw-r--r--
less.pm	3.13 KB	-rw-r--r--
locale.pm	2.72 KB	-rw-r--r--
lwpcook.pod	9.05 KB	-rw-r--r--
lwptut.pod	24.89 KB	-rw-r--r--
open.pm	7.83 KB	-rw-r--r--
overload.pm	52.66 KB	-rw-r--r--
overloading.pm	1.77 KB	-rw-r--r--
perl5db.pl	302.79 KB	-rw-r--r--
perlfaq.pm	94 B	-rw-r--r--
sigtrap.pm	7.46 KB	-rw-r--r--
sort.pm	5.95 KB	-rw-r--r--
strict.pm	3.84 KB	-rw-r--r--
subs.pm	845 B	-rw-r--r--
utf8.pm	7.6 KB	-rw-r--r--
utf8_heavy.pl	30.1 KB	-rw-r--r--
vars.pm	2.3 KB	-rw-r--r--
vmsish.pm	4.22 KB	-rw-r--r--
warnings.pm	18.34 KB	-rw-r--r--

Code Editor : UNIVERSAL.pm

package UNIVERSAL;

our $VERSION = '1.11';

# UNIVERSAL should not contain any extra subs/methods beyond those
# that it exists to define. The use of Exporter below is a historical
# accident that can't be fixed without breaking code.  Note that we
# *don't* set @ISA here, as we don't want all classes/objects inheriting from
# Exporter.  It's bad enough that all classes have a import() method
# whenever UNIVERSAL.pm is loaded.
require Exporter;
@EXPORT_OK = qw(isa can VERSION);

# Make sure that even though the import method is called, it doesn't do
# anything unless called on UNIVERSAL.
sub import {
    return unless $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
    return unless @_ > 1;
    require warnings;
    warnings::warnif(
      'deprecated',
      'UNIVERSAL->import is deprecated and will be removed in a future perl',
    );
    goto &Exporter::import;
}

1;
__END__

=head1 NAME

UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)

=head1 SYNOPSIS

$is_io    = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
    $is_io    = Class->isa("IO::Handle");

$does_log = $obj->DOES("Logger");
    $does_log = Class->DOES("Logger");

$sub      = $obj->can("print");
    $sub      = Class->can("print");

$sub      = eval { $ref->can("fandango") };
    $ver      = $obj->VERSION;

# but never do this!
    $is_io    = UNIVERSAL::isa($fd, "IO::Handle");
    $sub      = UNIVERSAL::can($obj, "print");

=head1 DESCRIPTION

C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class from which all blessed references inherit.
See L<perlobj>.

C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods:

=over 4

=item C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>

=item C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>

=item C<< eval { VAL->isa( TYPE ) } >>

Where

=over 4

=item C<TYPE>

is a package name

=item C<$obj>

is a blessed reference or a package name

=item C<CLASS>

is a package name

=item C<VAL>

is any of the above or an unblessed reference

=back

When used as an instance or class method (C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>),
C<isa> returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or
inherits from package C<TYPE>.

When used as a class method (C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>, sometimes
referred to as a static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS>
inherits from (or is itself) the name of the package C<TYPE> or
inherits from package C<TYPE>.

If you're not sure what you have (the C<VAL> case), wrap the method call in an
C<eval> block to catch the exception if C<VAL> is undefined.

If you want to be sure that you're calling C<isa> as a method, not a class,
check the invocand with C<blessed> from L<Scalar::Util> first:

use Scalar::Util 'blessed';

if ( blessed( $obj ) && $obj->isa("Some::Class") ) {
      ...
  }

=item C<< $obj->DOES( ROLE ) >>

=item C<< CLASS->DOES( ROLE ) >>

C<DOES> checks if the object or class performs the role C<ROLE>.  A role is a
named group of specific behavior (often methods of particular names and
signatures), similar to a class, but not necessarily a complete class by
itself.  For example, logging or serialization may be roles.

C<DOES> and C<isa> are similar, in that if either is true, you know that the
object or class on which you call the method can perform specific behavior.
However, C<DOES> is different from C<isa> in that it does not care I<how> the
invocand performs the operations, merely that it does.  (C<isa> of course
mandates an inheritance relationship.  Other relationships include aggregation,
delegation, and mocking.)

By default, classes in Perl only perform the C<UNIVERSAL> role, as well as the
role of all classes in their inheritance.  In other words, by default C<DOES>
responds identically to C<isa>.

There is a relationship between roles and classes, as each class implies the
existence of a role of the same name.  There is also a relationship between
inheritance and roles, in that a subclass that inherits from an ancestor class
implicitly performs any roles its parent performs.  Thus you can use C<DOES> in
place of C<isa> safely, as it will return true in all places where C<isa> will
return true (provided that any overridden C<DOES> I<and> C<isa> methods behave
appropriately).

=item C<< $obj->can( METHOD ) >>

=item C<< CLASS->can( METHOD ) >>

=item C<< eval { VAL->can( METHOD ) } >>

C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does,
then it returns a reference to the sub.  If it does not, then it returns
I<undef>.  This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
C<VAL>.

C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method through
AUTOLOAD (unless the object's class has overridden C<can> appropriately), so a
return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean the object will not be able
to handle the method call. To get around this some module authors use a forward
declaration (see L<perlsub>) for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For
such 'dummy' subs, C<can> will still return a code reference, which, when
called, will fall through to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided,
calling the coderef will cause an error.

You may call C<can> as a class (static) method or an object method.

Again, the same rule about having a valid invocand applies -- use an C<eval>
block or C<blessed> if you need to be extra paranoid.

=item C<VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )>

C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>, or if either C<$VERSION> or C<REQUIRE>
is not a "lax" version number (as defined by the L<version> module).

The return from C<VERSION> will actually be the stringified version object
using the package C<$VERSION> scalar, which is guaranteed to be equivalent
but may not be precisely the contents of the C<$VERSION> scalar.  If you want
the actual contents of C<$VERSION>, use C<$CLASS::VERSION> instead.

C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method or an object
method.

=back

=head1 WARNINGS

B<NOTE:> C<can> directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and
C<isa> uses a very similar method and cache-ing strategy. This may cause
strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.

You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code.
You do not need to C<use UNIVERSAL> to make these methods
available to your program (and you should not do so).

=head1 EXPORTS

None by default.

You may request the import of three functions (C<isa>, C<can>, and C<VERSION>),
B<but this feature is deprecated and will be removed>.  Please don't do this in
new code.

For example, previous versions of this documentation suggested using C<isa> as
a function to determine the type of a reference:

use UNIVERSAL 'isa';

$yes = isa $h, "HASH";
  $yes = isa "Foo", "Bar";

The problem is that this code will I<never> call an overridden C<isa> method in
any class.  Instead, use C<reftype> from L<Scalar::Util> for the first case:

use Scalar::Util 'reftype';

$yes = reftype( $h ) eq "HASH";

and the method form of C<isa> for the second:

$yes = Foo->isa("Bar");

=cut

${this.title}

Code Editor : UNIVERSAL.pm