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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.7: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/"> <title>Babel: Working with Message Catalogs</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="common/style/edgewall.css" type="text/css"> </head> <body> <div class="document" id="working-with-message-catalogs"> <div id="navigation"> <span class="projinfo">Babel 0.9.6</span> <a href="index.html">Documentation Index</a> </div> <h1 class="title">Working with Message Catalogs</h1> <div class="contents topic" id="contents"> <p class="topic-title first">Contents</p> <ul class="auto-toc simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id2">1 Introduction</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#message-extraction" id="id3">2 Message Extraction</a><ul class="auto-toc"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#front-ends" id="id4">2.1 Front-Ends</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#extraction-method-mapping-and-configuration" id="id5">2.2 Extraction Method Mapping and Configuration</a><ul class="auto-toc"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#default-extraction-methods" id="id6">2.2.1 Default Extraction Methods</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id7">2.2.2 Referencing Extraction Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-extraction-methods" id="id8">2.3 Writing Extraction Methods</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#translator-comments" id="id9">2.4 Translator Comments</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="introduction"> <h1>1 Introduction</h1> <p>The <tt class="docutils literal">gettext</tt> translation system enables you to mark any strings used in your application as subject to localization, by wrapping them in functions such as <tt class="docutils literal">gettext(str)</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">ngettext(singular, plural, num)</tt>. For brevity, the <tt class="docutils literal">gettext</tt> function is often aliased to <tt class="docutils literal">_(str)</tt>, so you can write:</p> <div class="system-message"> <p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/messages.txt</tt>, line 20)</p> <p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p> <pre class="literal-block"> .. code-block:: python print _("Hello") </pre> </div> <p>instead of just:</p> <div class="system-message"> <p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/messages.txt</tt>, line 26)</p> <p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p> <pre class="literal-block"> .. code-block:: python print "Hello" </pre> </div> <p>to make the string "Hello" localizable.</p> <p>Message catalogs are collections of translations for such localizable messages used in an application. They are commonly stored in PO (Portable Object) and MO (Machine Object) files, the formats of which are defined by the GNU <a class="reference external" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/">gettext</a> tools and the GNU <a class="reference external" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/translation">translation project</a>.</p> <blockquote> </blockquote> <p>The general procedure for building message catalogs looks something like this:</p> <blockquote> <ul class="simple"> <li>use a tool (such as <tt class="docutils literal">xgettext</tt>) to extract localizable strings from the code base and write them to a POT (PO Template) file.</li> <li>make a copy of the POT file for a specific locale (for example, "en_US") and start translating the messages</li> <li>use a tool such as <tt class="docutils literal">msgfmt</tt> to compile the locale PO file into an binary MO file</li> <li>later, when code changes make it necessary to update the translations, you regenerate the POT file and merge the changes into the various locale-specific PO files, for example using <tt class="docutils literal">msgmerge</tt></li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>Python provides the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html">gettext module</a> as part of the standard library, which enables applications to work with appropriately generated MO files.</p> <blockquote> </blockquote> <p>As <tt class="docutils literal">gettext</tt> provides a solid and well supported foundation for translating application messages, Babel does not reinvent the wheel, but rather reuses this infrastructure, and makes it easier to build message catalogs for Python applications.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="message-extraction"> <h1>2 Message Extraction</h1> <p>Babel provides functionality similar to that of the <tt class="docutils literal">xgettext</tt> program, except that only extraction from Python source files is built-in, while support for other file formats can be added using a simple extension mechanism.</p> <p>Unlike <tt class="docutils literal">xgettext</tt>, which is usually invoked once for every file, the routines for message extraction in Babel operate on directories. While the per-file approach of <tt class="docutils literal">xgettext</tt> works nicely with projects using a <tt class="docutils literal">Makefile</tt>, Python projects rarely use <tt class="docutils literal">make</tt>, and thus a different mechanism is needed for extracting messages from the heterogeneous collection of source files that many Python projects are composed of.</p> <p>When message extraction is based on directories instead of individual files, there needs to be a way to configure which files should be treated in which manner. For example, while many projects may contain <tt class="docutils literal">.html</tt> files, some of those files may be static HTML files that don't contain localizable message, while others may be <a class="reference external" href="http://www.djangoproject.com/">Django</a> templates, and still others may contain <a class="reference external" href="http://genshi.edgewall.org/">Genshi</a> markup templates. Some projects may even mix HTML files for different templates languages (for whatever reason). Therefore the way in which messages are extracted from source files can not only depend on the file extension, but needs to be controllable in a precise manner.</p> <p>Babel accepts a configuration file to specify this mapping of files to extraction methods, which is described below.</p> <div class="section" id="front-ends"> <span id="frontends"></span><h2>2.1 Front-Ends</h2> <p>Babel provides two different front-ends to access its functionality for working with message catalogs:</p> <blockquote> <ul class="simple"> <li>A <a class="reference external" href="cmdline.html">Command-line interface</a>, and</li> <li><a class="reference external" href="setup.html">Integration with distutils/setuptools</a></li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>Which one you choose depends on the nature of your project. For most modern Python projects, the distutils/setuptools integration is probably more convenient.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="extraction-method-mapping-and-configuration"> <span id="mapping"></span><h2>2.2 Extraction Method Mapping and Configuration</h2> <p>The mapping of extraction methods to files in Babel is done via a configuration file. This file maps extended glob patterns to the names of the extraction methods, and can also set various options for each pattern (which options are available depends on the specific extraction method).</p> <p>For example, the following configuration adds extraction of messages from both Genshi markup templates and text templates:</p> <div class="system-message"> <p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/messages.txt</tt>, line 125)</p> <p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p> <pre class="literal-block"> .. code-block:: ini # Extraction from Python source files [python: **.py] # Extraction from Genshi HTML and text templates [genshi: **/templates/**.html] ignore_tags = script,style include_attrs = alt title summary [genshi: **/templates/**.txt] template_class = genshi.template:TextTemplate encoding = ISO-8819-15 </pre> </div> <p>The configuration file syntax is based on the format commonly found in <tt class="docutils literal">.INI</tt> files on Windows systems, and as supported by the <tt class="docutils literal">ConfigParser</tt> module in the Python standard library. Section names (the strings enclosed in square brackets) specify both the name of the extraction method, and the extended glob pattern to specify the files that this extraction method should be used for, separated by a colon. The options in the sections are passed to the extraction method. Which options are available is specific to the extraction method used.</p> <p>The extended glob patterns used in this configuration are similar to the glob patterns provided by most shells. A single asterisk (<tt class="docutils literal">*</tt>) is a wildcard for any number of characters (except for the pathname component separator "/"), while a question mark (<tt class="docutils literal">?</tt>) only matches a single character. In addition, two subsequent asterisk characters (<tt class="docutils literal">**</tt>) can be used to make the wildcard match any directory level, so the pattern <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**.txt</span></tt> matches any file with the extension <tt class="docutils literal">.txt</tt> in any directory.</p> <p>Lines that start with a <tt class="docutils literal">#</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">;</tt> character are ignored and can be used for comments. Empty lines are ignored, too.</p> <div class="note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">if you're performing message extraction using the command Babel provides for integration into <tt class="docutils literal">setup.py</tt> scripts, you can also provide this configuration in a different way, namely as a keyword argument to the <tt class="docutils literal">setup()</tt> function. See <a class="reference external" href="setup.html">Distutils/Setuptools Integration</a> for more information.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="default-extraction-methods"> <h3>2.2.1 Default Extraction Methods</h3> <p>Babel comes with only two builtin extractors: <tt class="docutils literal">python</tt> (which extracts messages from Python source files) and <tt class="docutils literal">ignore</tt> (which extracts nothing).</p> <p>The <tt class="docutils literal">python</tt> extractor is by default mapped to the glob pattern <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**.py</span></tt>, meaning it'll be applied to all files with the <tt class="docutils literal">.py</tt> extension in any directory. If you specify your own mapping configuration, this default mapping is discarded, so you need to explicitly add it to your mapping (as shown in the example above.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="id1"> <span id="referencing-extraction-methods"></span><h3>2.2.2 Referencing Extraction Methods</h3> <p>To be able to use short extraction method names such as “genshi”, you need to have <a class="reference external" href="http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/PkgResources">pkg_resources</a> installed, and the package implementing that extraction method needs to have been installed with its meta data (the <a class="reference external" href="http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/PythonEggs">egg-info</a>).</p> <p>If this is not possible for some reason, you need to map the short names to fully qualified function names in an extract section in the mapping configuration. For example:</p> <div class="system-message"> <p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/messages.txt</tt>, line 195)</p> <p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p> <pre class="literal-block"> .. code-block:: ini # Some custom extraction method [extractors] custom = mypackage.module:extract_custom [custom: **.ctm] some_option = foo </pre> </div> <p>Note that the builtin extraction methods <tt class="docutils literal">python</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">ignore</tt> are available by default, even if <a class="reference external" href="http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/PkgResources">pkg_resources</a> is not installed. You should never need to explicitly define them in the <tt class="docutils literal">[extractors]</tt> section.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="writing-extraction-methods"> <h2>2.3 Writing Extraction Methods</h2> <p>Adding new methods for extracting localizable methods is easy. First, you'll need to implement a function that complies with the following interface:</p> <div class="system-message"> <p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/messages.txt</tt>, line 220)</p> <p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p> <pre class="literal-block"> .. code-block:: python def extract_xxx(fileobj, keywords, comment_tags, options): """Extract messages from XXX files. :param fileobj: the file-like object the messages should be extracted from :param keywords: a list of keywords (i.e. function names) that should be recognized as translation functions :param comment_tags: a list of translator tags to search for and include in the results :param options: a dictionary of additional options (optional) :return: an iterator over ``(lineno, funcname, message, comments)`` tuples :rtype: ``iterator`` """ </pre> </div> <div class="note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Any strings in the tuples produced by this function must be either <tt class="docutils literal">unicode</tt> objects, or <tt class="docutils literal">str</tt> objects using plain ASCII characters. That means that if sources contain strings using other encodings, it is the job of the extractor implementation to do the decoding to <tt class="docutils literal">unicode</tt> objects.</p> </div> <p>Next, you should register that function as an entry point. This requires your <tt class="docutils literal">setup.py</tt> script to use <a class="reference external" href="http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools">setuptools</a>, and your package to be installed with the necessary metadata. If that's taken care of, add something like the following to your <tt class="docutils literal">setup.py</tt> script:</p> <div class="system-message"> <p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/messages.txt</tt>, line 248)</p> <p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p> <pre class="literal-block"> .. code-block:: python def setup(... entry_points = """ [babel.extractors] xxx = your.package:extract_xxx """, </pre> </div> <p>That is, add your extraction method to the entry point group <tt class="docutils literal">babel.extractors</tt>, where the name of the entry point is the name that people will use to reference the extraction method, and the value being the module and the name of the function (separated by a colon) implementing the actual extraction.</p> <div class="note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">As shown in <a class="reference internal" href="#referencing-extraction-methods">Referencing Extraction Methods</a>, declaring an entry point is not strictly required, as users can still reference the extraction function directly. But whenever possible, the entry point should be declared to make configuration more convenient.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="translator-comments"> <h2>2.4 Translator Comments</h2> <p>First of all what are comments tags. Comments tags are excerpts of text to search for in comments, only comments, right before the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html">python gettext</a> calls, as shown on the following example:</p> <blockquote> </blockquote> <div class="system-message"> <p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/messages.txt</tt>, line 281)</p> <p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p> <pre class="literal-block"> .. code-block:: python # NOTE: This is a comment about `Foo Bar` _('Foo Bar') </pre> </div> <p>The comments tag for the above example would be <tt class="docutils literal">NOTE:</tt>, and the translator comment for that tag would be <tt class="docutils literal">This is a comment about `Foo Bar`</tt>.</p> <p>The resulting output in the catalog template would be something like:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> #. This is a comment about `Foo Bar` #: main.py:2 msgid "Foo Bar" msgstr "" </pre> <p>Now, you might ask, why would I need that?</p> <p>Consider this simple case; you have a menu item called “manual”. You know what it means, but when the translator sees this they will wonder did you mean:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>a document or help manual, or</li> <li>a manual process?</li> </ol> <p>This is the simplest case where a translation comment such as “The installation manual” helps to clarify the situation and makes a translator more productive.</p> <div class="note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Whether translator comments can be extracted depends on the extraction method in use. The Python extractor provided by Babel does implement this feature, but others may not.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> Visit the Babel open source project at <a href="http://babel.edgewall.org/">http://babel.edgewall.org/</a> </div> </div> </body> </html>
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